از ایده تا افول: تحلیل پدیدارشناسانه از دلایل شکست استارت‌آپ‌های ایرانی

چکیده مقاله :

مقدمه: با توجه به نقش کلیدی استارت‌آپ‌ها در رشد اقتصادی، اشتغال‌زایی و توسعه نوآوری، تحلیل نظام‌مند علل شکست این کسب‌وکارهای نوپا برای بهبود تاب‌آوری اکوسیستم کارآفرینی ضروری است. شکست استارت‌آپ‌ها صرفاً به معنای از بین رفتن منابع مالی نیست، بلکه پیامدهایی چون تضعیف سرمایه انسانی و کاهش اعتماد عمومی به کارآفرینی را نیز به همراه دارد. این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر شکست استارت‌آپ‌های ایرانی طراحی شده است.

روش‌شناسی: مطالعه حاضر از رویکرد کیفی و روش پدیدارشناسی بهره گرفته و داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۲۲ نفر از فعالان زیست‌بوم کارآفرینی (شامل اعضای هیئت علمی، بنیان‌گذاران استارت‌آپ‌ها و مشاوران کسب‌وکار) گردآوری شده است. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل تم و کدگذاری کلایزی در چند مرحله انجام شد.

یافته‌ها: از داده‌ها ۱۸۶ مفهوم استخراج و در قالب ۸ زیرمقوله و ۲ مقوله اصلی طبقه‌بندی شدند: عوامل خرد (داخلی) شامل ویژگی‌های فردی، ضعف ایده و مشکلات تیمی؛ و عوامل کلان (خارجی) شامل ناکارآمدی آموزشی، خلأ قانونی، موانع فرهنگی-اجتماعی و مشکلات حکمرانی.

نتیجه‌گیری: شکست استارت‌آپ‌ها حاصل تعامل پیچیده عوامل فردی، نهادی و ساختاری است. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند مبنای اصلاح سیاست‌های حمایتی، بهبود آموزش‌ها و تقویت نهادهای پشتیبان در اکوسیستم کارآفرینی ایران قرار گیرند. پژوهش همچنین مجموعه‌ای از توصیه‌های سیاستی برای کاهش نرخ شکست ارائه می‌دهد.

چکیده انگلیسی :

Introduction: Given the critical role of start-ups in economic growth, employment generation, and innovation, a systematic investigation into the causes of their failure is essential for enhancing the resilience of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The failure of start-ups is not limited to financial loss but also entails a waste of human capital, weakened public trust in entrepreneurship, and reduced dynamism in knowledge-based economies. This study seeks to identify and deeply analyze the factors contributing to the failure of Iranian start-ups.

Methodology: This research employs a qualitative approach and uses phenomenological methodology to gain insights into lived experiences. The study sample includes 22 participants selected through purposive sampling, comprising eight university faculty members, ten start-up founders based in the University of Tehran’s Science and Technology Park, and four business start-up consultants. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis and Colaizzi’s coding technique.

Findings: A total of 186 codes were extracted, categorized into eight subthemes and two main themes: micro-level (internal) and macro-level (external) factors. At the micro level, personal attributes, weak ideation, and team-related issues were key. At the macro level, ineffective academic training, regulatory shortcomings, underperformance of support institutions, sociocultural constraints, and governance challenges were identified.

Conclusion/Implications: Start-up failure results from the complex interaction of individual, organizational, and systemic factors. The findings provide a foundation for policy reform, educational enhancement, and support systems to reduce failure rates and strengthen Iran’s entrepreneurial ecosystem

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