"An investigation into the factor that influences entrepreneurship education and enhances entrepreneurial intentions among Iranian students."
Subject Areas : General
Mohammadali
Nejadian
1
(PhD Student in Entrepreneurship, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, Iran)
حسینی
hosseini
2
(Associate Professor of Educational Management, Shahid Chamran Campus, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: : Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intention,
Abstract :
Over the past few decades, we have faced the failure of universities to create and strengthen entrepreneurial motivation among students. In fact, there has been a mismatch between the current capacity of universities for admission and the future needs of the job market, as well as the content of education and the skills required for launching new businesses. Consequently, we are witnessing graduates who mostly lack the individual capability and necessary skills to start a new venture. On the other hand, with the new approach of Iranian universities towards third-generation universities and with all the current education and the presence of risk-taking investors, accelerators, various funds, creative houses, innovation factories, technology parks, and growth centers, the number of startups that have overcome the death valley and succeeded is still low, and the number of unemployed graduates increases every day. In this regard, considering the inefficiency of Iran's national innovation system, this problem has been doubled. Therefore, this study seeks to review the literature comprehensively and take into account the points raised in other perspectives, and with a broader view, examine the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions. It is recommended that universities pay attention to the variable of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in their education, as education alone may not create entrepreneurial intention. Familiarity with entrepreneurship barriers in Iran may discourage students from experiencing entrepreneurship. There is a need for an agent through which students believe they can overcome obstacles
1. احمدپور داریانی و آصف کریمی (1400)، کارآفرینی، چاپ هفتم، تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
2. افشاری، رقیه و صایب نیا، سمیه (1398)، ارزیابی اهداف کارآفرینی دانشجویان بر اساس مفهوم خودکارآمدی (مطالعه موردی: موسسه آموزش عالی نوین)، فصلنامه مدیریت فراگیر، 5 (1): 67-58.
3. ایران نژاد پاریزی، مهدی(۱۳۹۳)، مدیریت (در هزاره سوم)، چاپ دوم، صفحه ۱۹۶، تهران: نشر مدیران.
4. احمدپور، سامان و مهرنوش مطلبی (1390)، ارائه مدل یادگیری مادام العمر کارآفرینی با رویکرد تلفیقی، کار و جامعه، شماره 134، مرداد 1390، ص 37-21
5. آریان پور، ا.ح (1388)، زمینه جامعه شناسی، چاپ دوم، تهران: گستره.
6. بهرامی، حسین و همکاران (1399)، کارآفرینی، چاپ سوم، تهران: ادیبان روز.
7. بهمنی، محمد مسعود (1391)، مدیریت دانش در سازمان‌ها، تهران: انتشارات نظری (سایت نشر نظری)
8. پارسانیا، حمید و همکاران (1390)، جامعه شناسی 1، تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر کتاب های درسی ایران.
9. پیرایش، رضا و صیدی، نرگس و بابایی، پریزاد (1398)، بررسی تاثیر آموزش های کارآفرینی بر خودکارآمدی فعالیت های کارآفرینانه با تاکی بر نقش سرمایه انسانی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه های شهر زنجان، دومین کنفرانس ملی اندیشه های نوین در مدیریت کسب و کار، تهران.
10. پولادی، کمال، «کارآفرینی»، 1008-1005، در: دانشنامه کارآفرینی (1388)، شورای علمی جهانگیر یداللهی فارسی و دیگران، ج 2، تهران: بنیاد دانشنامه نگاری ایران و موسسه کار و تامین اجتماعی.
11. جمالی آرائی، محمدرضا و رضا والا (1393)، بررسی رابطه ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و باورهای دینی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی. 111-83.
12. خاقانی، طیبه، علی ملاحسینی و محمدعلی فرقانی (1391)، بررسی مدل های قصد کارآفرینانه و خوداشتغالی دانشجویان،کنفرانس ملی کارآفرینی و مدیریت کسب و کارهای دانش بنیان، بابلسر.
13. رضایت، علیرضا، «کارآفرین»، 979-977، در: دانشنامه کارآفرینی (1388)، شورای علمی جهانگیر یداللهی فارسی و دیگران، ج 2، تهران: بنیاد دانشنامه نگاری ایران و موسسه کار و تامین اجتماعی.
14. زالی، محمد رضا، سیدمصطفی رضوی، اسدالله کرد نائیج، جهانگیر یدالهی (1389)، ارزیابی فعالیت‌های کارآفرینانه در ایران . تهران انتشارات موسسه کار و تامین اجتماعی.
15. سکاران، ا. (1391)، روش‌های تحقیق بر مدیریت، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات موسسه عالی آموزش و پژوهش مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی.
16. شین، اسکات اندرو (۱۳۸۸)، تئوری عمومی کارآفرینی، مترجمین: دکتر کامبیز طالبی، سیدآرین عسکری رانکوه؛ با همکاری مهران تاج‌الدین، بابک کارآمد و شیما آقایی، صفحه ۱۲، چاپ اول، تهران: سیدآرین عسکری رانکوه.
17. شعبانعلی، محمدرضا، ارزش و ارزش آفرینی در کسب‌وکار ر.ک: https://motamem.org
18. صفا، لیلا و نسرین منگلی (1394)، تأثیر خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه بر قصد کارآفرینانه ی دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان، پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی، 7(33), 3-15.
19. قنبری، سیروس، محمدرضا اردلان و کاظم منافی شرف‌آباد (1393)، مبانی کارآفرینی و دانشگاه کارآفرین، چاپ اول، همدان: انتشارات دانشگاهع بوعلی سینا.
20. کیاکجوری، کریم، فروغ رودگرنژاد و مریم فتحی (1399)، بررسی نقش میانجی‌گری خودکارآمدی در اثر هوش هیجانی بر قصد کارآفرینی دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد واحد بندرانزلی، چهارمین کنفرانس ملی کارآفرینی تهران – دانشگاه صنعتی شریف– بهمن ماه 1399.
17. گلایدزدیل، گرگ (۱۳۹۰)، فرصت‌های کارآفرینی: زمان مناسب، مکان مناسب، مترجم محمود مرادی، صفحات ۲۰ و ۳۰۷-۲۹۲ چاپ۱، تهران: سازمان مدیریت صنعتی.
18. کارآفرینی چیست؟، سایت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قزوین. ر.ک: https://ictu.qiau.ac.ir/index.aspx?key=docs&id=66
19. مرادزاده، پرستو، سیدمرتضی غیور باغبانی (1400)، بررسی تاثیر خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه بر قصد کارآفرینی با نقش میانجی مولفه های تئوری رفتار برنامه ریزی شده در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه های غیرانتفاعی مشهد، دومین کنفرانس ملی تفکر سیستمی در عمل، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، آذر 1400.
20. مقیمی، سید محمد، یوسف وکیلی و مرتضی اکبری (1400)، نظریه‌های کارآفرینی، چاپ نهم، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
مصباحی جهرمی، نگارالسادات و مریم اخوان خرازیان (1393)، بررسی تاثیر عوامل رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده بر رفتار خرید اینترنتی، مجله علمی- پژوهشی تحقیقات بازاریابی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران.
21. ملکی، حسن و همکاران (1390)، تعلیمات اجتماعی، تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر کتاب‌های درسی ایران.
22. ملکی، حسن و همکاران (1389)، مطالعات اجتماعی، تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر کتاب‌های درسی ایران.
23. نژادیان، محمدعلی، دکتر محمدرضا کاباران زاد قدیم (استاد راهنما)، دکتر لیلا نظری‌منش (استاد مشاور) (1397)، تاثیر عوامل درون فردی و برون فردی بر اهداف کارآفرینانه بر اساس مدل کوئه، مورد مطالعه: موردی دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد کارآفرینی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
24. نژادیان، محمدعلی (1397)، موفقیت شناسی اقتصادی در راستای حمایت از تولید داخلی، چاپ اول، تهران: موفقیت شناسی.
25. یداللهی فارسی، جهانگیر «مقدمه‌ای بر دانشنامه کارآفرینی»، 15-9، در: دانشنامه کارآفرینی (1388)، ج 2، تهران: بنیاد دانشنامه نگاری ایران و موسسه کار و تامین اجتماعی.
26. Ahmed, T., Chandran, V. G. R., Klobas, J. E., Lin˜´an, F., & Kokkalis, P. (2020). Entrepreneurship education programmes: How learning, inspiration and resources affect intentions for new venture creation in a developing economy. International Journal of Management in Education, 18(1), 100327.
27. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
28. Ari Saptono, Agus Wibowo a, Umi Widyastuti a, Bagus Shandy Narmaditya b, Heri Yanto c, p. (2021). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy among elementary students: the role of entrepreneurship education, Heliyon, 7: 1-14.
29. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1999) Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
30. Baron, R.A. and Shane, S.A. (2008), Entrepreneurship: A Process Perspective, 2 Ed., Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
31. Boulton, C. and Turner, P. (2005), Mastering Business in Asia: Entrepreneurship, Singapore: John Wiley and Sons.
32. Badri, R., & Hachicha, N. (2019). Entrepreneurship education and its impact on students’ intention to start up: A sample case study of students from two Tunisian universities. International Journal of Management in Education, 17(2), 182–190.
33. Birdthistle, N. (2008), An Examination of Tertiary Students’ Desire to Found An Enterprise. Education+Training, 50(7): 552-567.
34. Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta-analytic review. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217–254.
35. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
36. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.
37. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
38. Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9–44.
39. Banker, R. D., Chang, H., & Pizzini, M. J. (2004). The Balanced Scorecard: Judgmental effects of performance measures linked to strategy. The Accounting Review, 79 (1), 1–23.
40. Barakat, S., Boddington, M., & Vyakarnam, S. (2014). Measuring entrepreneurial self-efficacy to understand the impact of creative activities for learning innovation. International Journal of Management in Education, 12, 456–468.
41. BarNir, A., Watson, W., & Hutchins, H. (2011). Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationship among role models, self-efficacy, entrepreneurial career intention, and gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 270–297.
42. Bauman, A., & Lucy, C. (2021). Enhancing entrepreneurial education: Developing competencies for success. International Journal of Management in Education, 19, 100293.
43. Carr, J.C. and Sequeira, J.M. (2007), Prior Family Business Exposure as Intergenerational Influence and Entrepreneurial Intent: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach, Journal of Business Research, 60: 1090-1098.
44. Ching-Hsuan Yeh., Hsin-Hui Lin., Yu-Min Wang et al. (2021). Investigating the relationships between entrepreneurial education and self-efficacy and performance in the context of internet entrepreneurship, The International Journal of Management Education 19(3), 1-11
45. Chang, S.-H., Shu, Y., Wang, C.-L., Chen, M.-Y., & Ho, W.-S. (2020). Cyber-entrepreneurship as an innovative orientation: Does positive thinking moderate the relationship between cyber-entrepreneurial self-efficacy and cyber-entrepreneurial intentions in Non-IT students? Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 105975.
46. Chen, C., Greene, P., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295–316.
47. Chen, G., Gully, S.M., Eden, D., 2004. General self-efficacy and self-esteem: toward theoretical and empirical distinction between correlated self-evaluations. J. Org. Beh.: Int. J. Ind. Occup. Org. Psychol. Behav. 25 (3), 375–395.
48. Duong Cong Doanha, Tomasz Bernatb. (2019), Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention among vietnamese students: a meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. Procedia computer scienc. 159, 2447-2460.
49. Drnovsek, M., Wincent, J., Cardon, M.S., 2010. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business start-up: developing a multi-dimensional definition. Int. J. Entrepren. Behav. Res. 16 (4), 329–348.
50. Davey, T., Plewa, C. and Struwig, M. (2011), Entrepreneurship Perceptions and Career Intentions of International Students, Education + Training, 53(5): 335-352.
51. DeNoble, A., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. In P. D. Reynolds (Ed.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 73–87). Stanford, CA: Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
52. Dou, X., Zhu, X., Zhang, J. Q., & Wang, J. (2019). Outcomes of entrepreneurship education in China: A customer experience management perspective. Journal of Business Research, 103, 338–347.
53. Engle, R.L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J.V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., He, X., Buame, S. and Wolff, B. (2010), Entrepreneurial Intent: A Twelve-Country Evaluation of Ajzen’s Model of Planned Behavior, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 16(1): 35-57.
54. Ethugala, C.V. (2011). Expectations of the Private and Civil Stakeholders Responsiveness of the State Sector: Tea Industry of Sri Lanka. Journal of APBITM 1(1), 13-19.
55. Ismail, M., Khalid, S.A., Othman, M., Jusoff, K., Abdul Rahman, N., Mohamed Kassim, K. and Shekh Zain, R. (2009), Entrepreneurial Intention among Malaysian Undergraduates, International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10): 54-60.
56. Edwards-Schachter, M., García-Granero, A., Sa´nchez-Barrioluengo, M., Quesada-Pineda, H., & Amara, N. (2015). Disentangling competences: Interrelationships on creativity: Innovation and entrepreneurship. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 16, 27–39.
57. Frankelius, p. (2009). Questioning Two Myths in Innovation Literature. Jurnal of High Technology Management Research. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 40-51.
58. Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., Marzocchi, G.L. and Sobrero, M. (2009), The Foundation of Entrepreneurial Intention, conference proceedings in Summer Conference 2009, June 17-19, 2009, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
59. Fayolle A. & Gailly, B. (2008) From craft to science, Teaching models and learning processesin entrepreneurship education. Journal of European Industrial Training 32(7), 569-593.
60.Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701–720.
61. Hazlina Abdul Kadir, Reza Masinaei, Nasim Rahmani (2011) , Long-Term Effects of Bank Consolidation Program in a Developing Economy, Journal of Asia Pacific Business Innovation and Technology Management .Volume 1, No. 1, P20-30.
62. Hallak, R., Assaker, G., & Lee, C. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship performance: The effects of place identity, self-efficacy, and gender. Journal of Travel Research, 54 (1), 36–51.
63. Hallak, R., Lindsay, N., & Brown, G. (2011). Examining the role of entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on SMTE performance. Tourism Analysis, 16, 583–599.
64. Hopp, C., & Stephan, U. (2012). The influence of socio-cultural environments on the performance of nascent entrepreneurs: Community culture, motivation, self- efficacy and start-up success. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24, 917–945.
65. Henley, A. (2007) From entrepreneurial aspiration and transition to business start up: evidence from British longitudinal data. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(3), 253-280.
66. Koe, W. L., Sa’ari, J. R., Majid, I. A., & Ismail, K. (2012). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among millennial generation, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 40, 197-208.
67. Kautonen, T., Luoto, S. and Tornikoski, E.T. (2010), Influence of Work History on Entrepreneurial Intentions in ‘Prime Age’ and ‘Third Age’: A Preliminary Study, International Small Business Journal, 28(6):583-601.
68. Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E.T. and Kibler, E. (2009), Entrepreneurial Intentions in the Third Age: The Impact of Perceived Age Norms, Small Business Economics, published online 18 October 2009, DOI: 10.1007/s11187-009-9238-y.
69. Krueger, N.F. Jr. and Carsrud, A.L. (1993), Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5: 315–330.
70. Krueger, N.F. Jr., Reilly, M.D. and Carsrud, A.L. (2000), Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions, Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 411–432.
71. Kobia, M. and Sikalieh, D. (2010), Towards a Search For The Meaning of Entrepreneurship, Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(2): 110-127.
72. Kaplan, R., & Norton, D. (1992). The balanced scorecard–Measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71–79.
73. ck´eus, M. (2014). An emotion based approach to assessing entrepreneurial education. International Journal of Management in Education, 12(3), 374–396.
74. Ludi Wishnu Wardana, et al. (2020), The impact of entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial mindset: the mediating role of attitude and self-efficacy, Heliyon, 6.
75. Lin˜a´n, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: How do they affect entrepreneurial intentions? The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257–272.
76. Lin˜a´n, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: A role for education. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218.
77. Liu, H., Kulturel-Konak, S., & Konak, A. (2021). A measurement model of entrepreneurship education effectiveness based on methodological triangulation. Studies In Educational Evaluation, 70, 100987.
78. Leon Ho,. Intentions Vs Goals: What’s The Difference?: https://www.lifehack.org/878291/intentions-vs-goals
79. Leif Brändle, Elisabeth S.C. Bergera, Stephan Golla, Andreas Kuckertza, I am what I am - How nascent entrepreneurs’ social identity affects their entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 17-23.
80. Mellor, R., Coulton, G., Chick, A. Bifulco, A., Mellor, N. and Fisher, A. (2009), Entrepreneurship for Everyone, London: SAGE Publications.
81. Nabi, G. and Holden, R. (2008), Graduate Entrepreneurship: Intentions, Education and Training. Education+Training, 50(7): 545-551.
82. Maltz, A. C., Shenhar, A. J., & Reilly, R. R. (2003). Beyond the balanced scorecard: Refining the search for organizational success measures. Long Range Planning, 36, 187–204.
83. tin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of Business Venturing, 28(2), 211–224.
84.Moriano, J.A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U. and Zarafshani, K. (2011), A Cross-cultural Approach to Understanding Entrepreneurial Intention, Journal of Career Development, published online 6 January 2011, DOI: 10.1177/089484845310384481.
85. Mayer-Haug, K., Read, S., Brinckmann, J., Dew, N., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Entrepreneurial talent and venture performance: A meta-analytic investigation of SMEs. Research Policy, 42(6–7), 1251–1273.
86. McGee, J., & Peterson, M. (2019). The long-term impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial orientation on venture performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 720–737.
87. Mengistae, T. (2006). Competition and entrepreneur’s human capital in small business longevity and growth. Journal of Development Studies, 42, 812–836.
88. Miao, C., Qian, S., & Ma, D. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance: A meta-analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 87–107.
89. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M., & Allen, J. (2005). The entrepreneur’s business model: Toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 726–735.
90. Murphy, G. B., Trailer, J. W., & Hill, R. C. (1996). Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 36, 15–23.
91. Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110(Part B), 403–419.
92. Pihie, Z. A. L. (2009) Entrepreneurship as a career choice: An analysis of entrepreneurial self efficacy and intention of university students. European Journal of Social Sciences 338-349.
93. Prajapati, K., & Biswas, S. N. (2011). Effect of entrepreneur network and entrepreneur self-efficacy on subjective performance. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 227–247.
94. do Paço, A.M.F., Ferreira, J.M., Raposo, M., Rodrigues, R.G. and Dinis, A. (2011), Behaviors and Entrepreneurial Intention: Empirical Findings about Secondary Students, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9:20-38.
95. Roxas, B.G., Panizales, R.C. and Jesus, R.M. (2008), Entrepreneurial Knowledge and its Effects on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Development of a Conceptual Framework, Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 8(2): 61-77.
96. Sommer, L. and Haug, M. (2011), Intention as a Cognitive Antecedent to International Entrepreneurship: Understanding the Moderating Roles of Knowledge and Experience. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 7:111-142.
97. Shook, C.L. and Bratianu, C. (2010), Entrepreneurial Intent in a Transitional Economy: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Romanian Students, International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6: 231-347.
98. Schwarz, E.J., Wdowiak, M.A., Almer-Jarz, D.A. and Breitenecker, R.J. (2009), The Effects of Attitudes and Perceived Environment Conditions on Students’ Entrepreneurial Intent: An Austrian Perspective, Education + Training, 51(4): 272-291.
99. Talat Islam, (2019), Cultivating Entrepreneurs: Role of the University Environment,
100. Locus of Control and Self-efficacy, Procedia Computer Science, 158, 642-647.
101.Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77–94.
102. Turker, D. and Selcuk, S.S. (2009), Which Factors Affect Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2): 142-159.
103. van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E. and van Gils, A. (2008), Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions by Means of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Career Development International, 13(6): 538-559.
104. asjan, A., & Braun, R. (2012). In the eye of the beholder: How regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(6), 622–636.
105. Unger, J. M., Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Rosenbusch, N. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 341–358.
106. Walter, S. G., & Block, J. H. (2016). Outcomes of entrepreneurship education: An institutional perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(2), 216–233.
107. Walter, S. G., Parboteeah, K. P., & Walter, A. (2013). University departments and self-employment intentions of business students: A cross-level analysis. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 37(2), 175–200.
108. Wang, Y.-S., Tseng, T. H., Wang, Y.-M., & Chu, C.-W. (2020). Development and validation of an internet entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale. Internet Research, 30(2), 653–675.
109. Wu, J. (2010), The Impact of Corporate Supplier Diversity Programs on Corporate Purchasers’ Intention to Purchase From Women-Owned Enterprises: An Empirical Test, Business & Society, 49(2): 359-380.
110. Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259–271.
111. Zhao, H., Seibert, S., & Hills, G. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1265–1272.
112. Yusof, M., Sandhu, M.S. and Jain, K.K. (2007), Relationship between Psychological Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Inclination: A Case Study of Students at University Tun Abdul Razak (UNITAR), Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(2).