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        1 - A Study of the Institutional Causes of the Underdeveloped Iranian Shoe and Leather Industry in the 19th Century
        ataollah sinaei
        In the past two centuries, Iran has not only expanded its market in industrial confrontations with the West and the East, but has failed to maintain its market. The West and the East, at different times, began the offensive by sending cheap and varied goods to Iranian More
        In the past two centuries, Iran has not only expanded its market in industrial confrontations with the West and the East, but has failed to maintain its market. The West and the East, at different times, began the offensive by sending cheap and varied goods to Iranian markets. The Iranian economic and political system was not able to institutionalize, fund and equip resources, establish efficient commercial and industrial policies, and in particular design efficient and appropriate institutional structures, to support and support innovation to generate competitive capacity in the industrial economy. It has therefore failed to organize adequate defenses and has been steadily retreating and becoming the surplus of industrial economies and supplying cheap petroleum raw materials to emerging economies. This historic trend, which began as the industrial revolution unfolded and the emergence of the global economy, led to a collapse in Iran's hand-made industrial economy, which was unable to produce competitively and machine-made. The level of systematic and efficient functioning of government institutions, property rights, the education system, and businesses are major contributors to development development. The purpose of this research, which is based on a library method based on analytical sources and historical documents and with a descriptive-analytical approach, is to investigate the performance of institutional elements in the leather, handbags, footwear and related industries in the 19th century. Iran to analyze. It has therefore failed to organize adequate defenses and has been relatively steadily retreating, becoming a surplus of industrial economies and a supplier of cheap petroleum raw materials to emerging economies. This historical trend, which began at the same time as the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the world economy, caused Iran's hand-made industrial economy, which was unable to produce competitively and mechanically, to collapse. The systematic and efficient performance of government institutions, property rights, the education system and enterprises as major factors involved in the development context are important parts in this regard. The purpose of this research, which has been done by library method and relying on analytical sources and historical documents and with a descriptive-analytical approach, is that the performance of institutional elements in the leather, bag, shoe and related industries in the nineteenth century, In Iran, to analyze and study. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Explaining the relationship between the socio-economic base and the way of spending leisure time with an emphasis on stress (a case study of young university graduates living in Karaj)
        sayyed atollah sinaee mahnaz jalili bahram salimi
        Leisure time is a multi-dimensional phenomenon (social, economic and cultural) and it has been affected by the corona virus epidemic. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of the social and economic base with the various More
        Leisure time is a multi-dimensional phenomenon (social, economic and cultural) and it has been affected by the corona virus epidemic. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between the dimensions of the social and economic base with the various forms of free time of educated youth, which is based on the lifestyle theory of Pierre Bourdieu and the opinions of Joffre Dumasier. The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population includes young students over the age of 20 living in Karaj in the winter of 2019, of which 400 people were selected as the main sample of the study using a simple random multistage cluster sampling method. The research findings show that the independent variable of socio-economic base had an impact on physical leisure with 0.462, artistic-cultural with 0.597, practical with 0.398, intellectual with 0.473, and social with 0.418. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic base and the way young people spend their free time Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - The effect of lifestyle and social capital on life satisfaction among the elderly (Case of study: the elderly of District 6 of Tehran in 1400)
        sayyed atollah sinaee mahnaz jalili fateme kamalkhani
        Old age is one of the periods in the life of every person who has passed through the process of childhood, adolescence and youth and has stepped into another stage of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of lifestyle and social More
        Old age is one of the periods in the life of every person who has passed through the process of childhood, adolescence and youth and has stepped into another stage of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of lifestyle and social capital on life satisfaction among the elderly. This research is a survey in terms of method, in terms of nature and purpose; It is descriptive-applied and the statistical population of the research includes all the elderly people of the 6th district of Tehran, who were selected by random sampling and based on Cochran's formula in an unknown population of 384 people. The data collection tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the research tool was evaluated by face validity and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done with multivariate regression and SPSS software. The results of the hypothesis test show that social capital has a positive effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Social trust has a positive effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Social participation has a positive effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Social cohesion has a positive effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Lifestyle has a positive effect on life satisfaction among the elderly. Manuscript profile